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Trenches of the 11th Cheshire Regiment at Ovillers-la-Boisselle, on the Somme, July 1916. One sentry keeps watch while the others sleep.
Photo by Ernest Brooks |
Welcome to the fourth installment of Sarge's "Off the top of my head" History Lectures*...
great
adjective
1. of an extent, amount, or intensity considerably above the normal or average.
"the article was of great interest"
2. of ability, quality, or eminence considerably above the normal or average.
"the great Italian conductor" (Source)
It was called the Great War, not until the Second World War erupted was it called the First World War. It wasn't great as in wonderful or fantastic (in fact it was anything but), it was great as in massive, as in the whole world seemed to be involved. It was indeed intense, whether it was more intense than previous wars, I don't know. Getting shot at is pretty intense, regardless of the context.
When you mention the Great War to most people, they think of that opening photo, they think of trench warfare, the mud, the artillery, the incessant machine gun fire, but it didn't start that way. No, in the beginning it was men marching in columns or in line, either on foot or on horseback.
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| French infantry charging into battle in 1914. The machine guns haven't started firing, yet. |
The French Army went to war wearing blue kepis, blue coats, and red trousers. Yes, you read that correctly, RED trousers.
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The evolution of French infantry uniforms in WWI.
(Source) |
The Germans wore the
pickelhaube, this rather odd (though somehow cool-looking) piece of headgear.
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Photo courtesy of Le Musée de Sarge
Yes, that's my pickelhaube |
While those helmets did look kinda cool, to make them ugly they covered them in gray cloth, with the regiment number painted on in red.
Wie so...
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| Practical, but damn that's ugly! |
In addition, everybody had cavalry. Guys on horses with sabers. Heck, the French still had
cuirassiers! Guys wearing steel back and breast plates, helmets with horse tails and all, just like back in the days of Napoléon! (Though to be fair, they looked more like Napoléon III's cavalry, red trousers and all!)
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French cuirassiers in Paris, August 1914. These regiments wore cloth-covered cuirasses and
helmets during the early months of World War I. |
The Germans had their lancers, which they called
Ulanen or Uhlans.
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Prussian Guard Uhlans about 1912.
(Source) |
Men on horseback with pointed sticks. Just the thing for charging into machine gun fire!
Even the British had their mounted Life Guards
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A squadron from the 1st Life Guards, August 1914; possibly attached to the
Household Cavalry Composite Regiment, as the Life Guards did not leave for France until September. |
So the nations of Europe went to war in August of 1914, the troops went in standing up, bayonets at the ready (or on horseback, sword at the ready), just like the old days. Napoléon would have recognized the formations (and some of the uniforms), Grant and Lee would have shaken their heads, they knew better. Some fifty years earlier armies started digging, even without the machine gun and the latest artillery, they knew that to advance into enemy fire was a recipe for disaster.
But they learned, the hard way, after thousands of deaths, they learned. (As a side note, if you have not seen the BBC's mini-series
Our World War, seek it out**. Only three episodes, the first, dealing with the Battle of Mons in 1914, shows the Germans marching blithely into British machine gun fire. Sobering it is.)
By the fall everybody started digging trenches in the West (the East stayed semi-mobile throughout the war due to the vast spaces involved, though some parts of that front were as heavily dug in as in France), from the Swiss border to the English Channel, the armies went to ground.
For four years the British and French generals tried the same old ways of attacking, and the infantry died the same old way. Blast the Germans lines with tons of artillery, then march forth to "do battle." Of course, the Germans kept their front line lightly manned, once the cannon fire stopped, the German machine gun teams would man their positions, and commence the slaughter of an entire generation.
In 1918 the Germans tried doing things a little differently. No massive artillery preparations, but small groups of shock troops seeking the weak points in the trench line, finding them then getting in the rear and making huge amounts of trouble. Thing is though, everyone was on foot, a soldier couldn't get very far before the Allied reserves would move up to seal the penetrations and then wipe out the shock troops.
Even when the tank came along there were no sweeping advances, those mechanical beasts were just too unreliable and they still needed infantry to protect them. They weren't all that fast either. The war ended because the German people were starving, the troops were mutinous, and new troops coming to the front didn't want to fight, they didn't see the point. Not with their families at home starving, "For what?", they asked.
With swarms of fresh American troops arriving, the German grunts saw the writing on the wall, there was no way they could win.
So they quit.
How did it start, this blood letting on a massive scale?
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Europe in WWI, start to finish.
(Source) |
Well, you might want to blame the royalty governing many of the powers in 1914. The King of England was related to the Kaiser of Germany and to the Czar of Russia as well. But really it was the system that was to blame for the war. But none of those chaps (including the Kaiser of the Austro-Hungarian Empire) was an absolute ruler, each had a Parliament/Reichstag/Duma to answer to for many things. (The Imperial Council and the Diet of Hungary for the Emperor in Austro-Hungary.)
Large armies, built via conscription, were all the rage on the Continent. The French used it, the Germans used it, the Russians used it, and the Austro-Hungarians used it. Everyone wanted to avoid being "not ready" for war should something happen.***
Of course, large, standing armies are very expensive. So most countries had a regular army and a system of reserves. A soldier would be trained, serve for a couple of years, then be sent back to civvy-street until such time as they were needed. So a small, professional army was to be augmented by calling up the reserves just prior to war starting.
Why not do it before the war started? Because then everyone else would know that you were ready to start a war, why mobilize if you weren't going to use that big army? So every army had a schedule for mobilization, once the crisis was clear, each army would recall their reserves, form them up, equip them and move them to the front, or I should say where they anticipated the front might be.
Anything that upset that schedule gave the generals nightmares. "What if the other guy gets a jump on his mobilization and is ready before we are? We could lose the war!" So everyone had to be ready to mobilize at a moment's notice. Once mobilized the troops would begin to move and nothing could stop them. See where this is going?
Anyhoo, the Archduke Franz Ferdinand (heir presumptive to the throne of Austria-Hungary) and his wife decided to visit Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia-Herzegovina, which was a fairly recent addition to the Empire (occupied since 1878, actually annexed in 1908). The Serbians were not happy with that. A small group of fellows (perhaps with the support of the Serbian government) decided to act on their dislike of the Empire's annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina.
By killing the Archduke and his wife as they visited Sarajevo.
Which they did. The Austrians demanded that Serbia turn over the culprits and gave the Serbs a list of demands which they knew would be rejected. They threatened war with Serbia.
The Russian were pissed off, they considered the Serbians "fellow Slavs" (but like Russians through the ages just wanted to be top dog in the area). The Germans were telling the Austrians, "go for it, we've got your back." So the Austrians mobilized.
Then the Russians mobilized (they'd show those damned Austrians), as did the Germans, figuring that because it took the Russians forever to do anything, they could mobilize, sucker punch France, then get the bulk of the army back to the east to deal with the Russians. All the while letting the Austrians defeat Serbia.
Of course the French had to step up and mobilize as well, they knew damned well that the Germans had their eyes on France first. (And they were itching to get Alsace and Lorraine back which the Germans had seized in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870).
One thing led to another and the troops went off to war. At the last minute Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany wanted to call the whole thing off, his generals told him that once the plan was set in motion that there was no stopping it. There would be chaos, the Russians would water their horses in the Rhine, etc., etc, "Suck it up Kaiser, we've got this whole thing planned out. Don't worry so much!"
Well, it didn't work that way. The French were a tougher nut to crack than the Germans figured, while they were wading through Belgian fortifications and fighting with French troops further south, the Russians were advancing through East Prussia. So France had to wait, they moved troops by rail to the East to stop the Russians, which they did.
But the advance on Paris stalled. ("Didn't follow my
plan, did you?", asked the ghost of von Schlieffen.) The Battle of the Marne stopped the Germans in their tracks and the shovels came out, leading to four years of unheard of slaughter. Essentially a generation died.
That's my version of the Great War. (Yes, I had to look up a couple of dates, but for the most part, that was off the top of my head.)
Oh yes, everyone on the winning side said, "The Germans started it!" So they must pay, the Treaty of Versailles really led to World War II, didn't exactly cause it, but it gave Hitler his start in politics. Germans tended to believe that it wasn't their fault, Hitler told them so. So yeah, vote for Hitler. Thanks "Big Four."
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| The heads of the "Big Four" nations at the Paris Peace Conference, 27 May 1919. From left to right: David Lloyd George (UK), Vittorio Orlando (Italy), Georges Clemenceau (France), and Woodrow Wilson (USA). Four very good reasons to dislike politicians, that's what I call 'em. |
* Meaning which, I don't do a lot of research before writing, picture me answering a question about a topic while sitting down, face to face, avec moi, perhaps over an adult-type beverage. Hopefully which the questioner is buying. (Hint.) You can read the first three installments -
** Available at Amazon via BritBox. With a seven day free trial for Amazon Prime members.
*** The United Kingdom had a small, very professional army. They didn't resort to conscription until later in the war. When most of that small professional army was dead.